为进一步摆脱中国动力电池供应链对美国电动车产业的影响，美国又落地一项新规。
美国时间周五，美国财政部发布《<通胀削减法案>外国敏感实体指南》（下称「指南」），对此前所提到「受关注外国实体」（FEOC）的法定定义、名单成员、占比要求等进行了详细的解释与列明。
To further overcome the impact of China's power battery supply chain on the US electric vehicle industry, the United States has implemented a new regulation.
On Friday, US time, the US Treasury Department released the "Guidance on Foreign Sensitive Entities under the Inflation Reduction Act" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidance"), which provides a detailed explanation and listing of the legal definition, list members, and percentage requirements for the previously mentioned "Foreign Entity of Concern" (FEOC).
按照规定，自 2024 年 1 月起，包含中国制造的电池组件的电动车将失去在美国获得税收抵免优惠的资格；到 2025 年，这一限制范围进一步扩大，电动车若使用了在中国提取加工的关键矿物，也将失去获得补贴的资格。
标准逐年收紧，但这远远还不止。
美国财政部称，还会扩大排除范围，与「受关注外国实体」有重要联系、或签订许可协议开展生产活动的企业，也会被认定为「外国敏感实体」，电动车厂商若使用这些企业的电池组件或关键矿物，同样无法享受税收抵免优惠。
从美国财政部发布的原文来看，此次进入「受关注外国实体」的不止中国，而 敏感实体的涉及范围，或许比此前业界预期的还要宽。
According to regulations, electric vehicles containing battery components made in China will lose eligibility for tax credits in the United States starting from January 2024; By 2025, this restriction will be further expanded, and electric vehicles that use key minerals extracted and processed in China will also lose eligibility for subsidies.
The standards have been tightening year by year, but this is far from enough.
The US Treasury Department stated that it will also expand the exclusion scope, and companies that have important connections with "concerned foreign entities" or have signed licensing agreements to carry out production activities will also be identified as "foreign sensitive entities". Electric vehicle manufacturers who use battery components or key minerals from these companies will also not be eligible for tax credits.
According to the original text released by the US Treasury Department, it is not just China that has entered the "foreign entities of concern" this time, and the scope of sensitive entities may be wider than previously expected by the industry.
拜登的首席清洁能源顾问约翰·波德斯塔（John Podesta）表示：「依托这一指导和它将提供的（规则）清晰度，我们正在确保——美国电动汽车的未来将在美国制造。」
尽管其「受关注外国实体」名单中包含了四个国家，但由于中国在电动车领域的发展情况，不少国外媒体都认为，这是专门针对中国电动车领域相关企业而推出的政策。
实际上，从 2022 年 8 月《通胀削减法案》颁布以来，美国便一直试图在两个矛盾目标中寻找平衡——他们想让包括电动车在内的美国工业摆脱受到中国低成本材料供应链的影响，同时通过财政补贴激励美国企业生产电动车，但后者本土的劳动力、原材料、运输等成本较高。
英国金融时报引用了 BloombergNEF 与多个国际权威机构的数据，来说明美国要想实现目标要翻越的两座大山。
在电池组件分布图上，该报猜测「中国对电池供应链的统治预计将持续十年」，在该柱状图上，可以直观地看到电池组件供应链中中国的领先地位；
John Podesta, Biden's chief clean energy advisor, said, "With this guidance and the clarity it will provide, we are ensuring that the future of American electric vehicles will be made in the United States
Although its list of "foreign entities of concern" includes four countries, due to China's development in the electric vehicle field, many foreign media believe that this policy is specifically aimed at Chinese electric vehicle related enterprises.
In fact, since the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act in August 2022, the United States has been trying to find a balance between two conflicting goals - they want to free American industries, including electric vehicles, from the influence of China's low-cost material supply chain, while incentivizing American companies to produce electric vehicles through fiscal subsidies, but the latter has higher costs of labor, raw materials, transportation, and other local resources.
The Financial Times cited data from Bloomberg NEF and multiple international authoritative institutions to illustrate the two major mountains that the United States needs to overcome in order to achieve its goals.
On the distribution map of battery components, the newspaper speculates that "China's dominance over the battery supply chain is expected to last for ten years". On this bar chart, China's leading position in the battery component supply chain can be visually seen;
在另一张图上，该报称「北京还主导着大部分关键矿物供应链」，除钴、铜、锂三种材料供应链由刚果、智利主导外，其余七种皆由中国领导。
On another chart, the report states that 'Beijing still dominates most of the key mineral supply chains', with China leading the supply chains for the other seven materials except for cobalt, copper, and lithium, which are dominated by Congo and Chile.
纽约时报报道，目前，在美销售的 100 多款电动车中，只有约 20 多款符合在北美进行组装的要求，美国汽车制造业的相关外流，让《通胀削减法案》的目标实现困难。
实际数据或许没有这么夸张。根据美国能源部于 10 月 24 日公布的最新信息，2023 年 4 月 18 日至 12 月 31 日投入使用的新能源车，共有 31 款纯电车型、7 款插混车型符合税收抵免条件。
The New York Times reported that currently, only about 20 out of over 100 electric vehicles sold in the United States meet the requirements for assembly in North America, making it difficult to achieve the goals of the Inflation Reduction Act due to the related outflow of the US automotive manufacturing industry.
The actual data may not be so exaggerated. According to the latest information released by the US Department of Energy on October 24th, a total of 31 pure electric vehicles and 7 plug-in hybrid vehicles that will be put into use from April 18th to December 31st, 2023, are eligible for tax credits.
这份「白名单」中，纯电车型包括特斯拉 Model 3 （ 参数 丨 图片 ）/X/Y 部分版本、大众 ID.4 全系版本、 福特电马 、Rivian R1S 等车型，插混则包括福 特锐 际、宝马 X5 xDrive50e 等，美国品牌占据主要名额。
有趣的是，与 4 月份的名单相比，特斯拉加入了 Model X 长续航版、 Model Y 后轮驱动版，并且原本只能享受 3750 美元补贴的 Model 3 后轮驱动版本如今已获全额享受税收抵免补贴资格。
In this' whitelist ', pure electric models include Tesla Model 3 (specifications | pictures)/X/Y partial versions, Volkswagen ID.4 full range versions, Ford Electric Horse, Rivian R1S and other models, plug-in hybrid models include Ford Edge, BMW X5 xDrive50e, etc., with American brands occupying the main position.
Interestingly, compared to the April list, Tesla has added the Model X Long Range Edition and Model Y Rear Wheel Drive Edition, and the Model 3 Rear Wheel Drive Edition, which was originally only eligible for a $3750 subsidy, has now been fully eligible for tax credit subsidies.
不过，好景不长，今天，特斯拉宣布，刚获得全额补贴不久的 Model 3 后驱版自 2024 年 1 月开始，就又要降回 3750 美元，与其「同命运」的还有 Model 3 长续航版。
特斯拉没有具体说明不同车型获得全额补贴、以及明年回归一般补贴额度的原因，可能与价格调整、以及供应策略有关。
However, the good times didn't last long. Today, Tesla announced that the Model 3 rear wheel drive version, which had just received full subsidies, will be reduced back to $3750 starting from January 2024, along with the Model 3 long-range version.
Tesla did not specify the reasons for different models receiving full subsidies and returning to the general subsidy amount next year, which may be related to price adjustments and supply strategies.
美国政府似乎也清楚，转变不能一蹴而就，其表示，汽车制造商将有两年的过渡期适应不达追溯标准的小型电池组件法规，如电解质盐，不过美国政府尚未说明过渡期的相关的规定。
虽然新规范围较广且限制严格，但似乎不是没有转圜之地——许可交易或许可行，例如技术许可。
典型的代表之一，就是福特与宁德时代合作建设的电池厂。
该工厂一开始便遭受诸多非议，包括环保主义者抗议、被质疑挤压燃油车生产工人岗位空间等，11 月 21 日停工两个月重启时，该工厂的投资规模已明显缩减。
The US government seems to be aware that transformation cannot be achieved overnight. It has stated that car manufacturers will have a two-year transition period to adapt to regulations for small battery components that do not meet traceability standards, such as electrolyte salts. However, the US government has not yet specified the relevant provisions for the transition period.
Although the new regulations have a broad scope and strict restrictions, there seems to be room for maneuver - licensing transactions may be feasible, such as technology licensing.
One of the typical representatives is the battery factory jointly built by Ford and CATL.
The factory faced many criticisms from the beginning, including protests from environmentalists and doubts about squeezing job space for fuel vehicle production workers. When it was restarted after a two month shutdown on November 21, the investment scale of the factory had significantly reduced.
按照原计划，该工厂将投入 35 亿美元进行建设，现改为 20 亿美元，原本计划的 2500 名工人也缩至 1700 名，产能也从 35GWh 下降至 20GWh。
福特原本希望该工厂成为美国第一家生产磷酸铁锂的电池厂，这将有助于更快地扩大电动车规模，生产更多用户负担得起的电动车。
或许是预料到了中美在电动车领域的博弈与《通胀削减法案》进一步推动对中国厂商的不利，这座工厂为福特所有，宁德时代则提供筹建和运营服务，并就电池专利技术进行许可。
无独有偶，特斯拉与宁德时代此前就该方案进行了类似的结构研究，但双方就此事的谈判进展未有消息流出。
面对新规，福特也称其未清楚美国政府对其电动厂的明确态度与规定。
According to the original plan, the factory was to invest $3.5 billion in construction, which has now been reduced to $2 billion. The originally planned 2500 workers have also been reduced to 1700, and the production capacity has decreased from 35 GWh to 20 GWh.
Ford originally hoped that the factory would become the first battery factory in the United States to produce lithium iron phosphate, which would help expand the scale of electric vehicles faster and produce more affordable electric vehicles for users.
Perhaps anticipating the game between China and the United States in the electric vehicle field and the further push for the "Inflation Reduction Act" to disadvantage Chinese manufacturers, this factory is owned by Ford, while CATL provides construction and operation services and licenses battery patent technology.
Coincidentally, Tesla and CATL have conducted similar structural research on this plan before, but there has been no news of the progress of negotiations between the two sides on this matter.
Faced with the new regulations, Ford also stated that it is unclear about the clear attitude and regulations of the US government towards its electric factories.
美国是全球第二大汽车市场，新能源转型大势已经不可忽视，部分车企为了获得当地补贴，都开始和动力电池厂商合作，以求实现整车生产和电池生产的本土化。
譬如丰田向美国工厂追投 80 亿美元新增北卡罗纳州电池工厂产线，又与 LG 新能源合作在其密歇根工厂新建丰田专用电池产线；
又譬如，三星 SDI 与 Stellantis 计划在印第安纳州建设第二家合资电池工厂，LG 与本田的合资电池生产企业落地俄亥俄州……
美国的新规细则，除了推动「美国电动汽车的未来将在美国制造」的愿景，似乎也有几分让在美车厂们「做选择」的暗示意味。
中美在电动车领域的博弈持续拉响，而在中国国内 2025 年决战论的推进下，电动车领域的竞争也愈演愈烈。大争之世，谁能笑到最后？
The United States is the world's second largest automobile market, and the trend of new energy transformation cannot be ignored. Some car companies have begun to cooperate with power battery manufacturers in order to obtain local subsidies, in order to achieve localization of vehicle production and battery production.
For example, Toyota is investing $8 billion in a US factory to add a new battery production line in North Carolina, and has partnered with LG New Energy to build a Toyota specific battery production line at its Michigan factory;
For example, Samsung SDI and Stellantis plan to build a second joint venture battery factory in Indiana, while LG and Honda's joint venture battery production company has landed in Ohio
The new regulations in the United States, in addition to promoting the vision that "the future of American electric vehicles will be manufactured in the United States," also seem to have a hint of making choices for car manufacturers in the United States.
The game between China and the United States in the field of electric vehicles continues to ring, and with the promotion of the 2025 decisive battle theory in China, competition in the electric vehicle field is also intensifying. In the era of great competition, who can laugh until the end?